Marketing 4580 International Transportation Essay - 1

Marketing 4580 International Transportation - Essay Example Postconsumer recycled content are environmental friendly and a firm could use these materials in packaging. Another environmental friendly strategy that a firm could apply would be the reduction of packaging materials used and instead use just one material for packaging. In order to keep the cycle going the firm should also have an environmental friendly system to collect the materials used in packaging for recycling. The last effective strategy would be to use materials that could be under use again after cleaning like refillable beverage bottles. Logistics have been existent since civilization and it is both exciting and challenging. If the packaging inefficiency were under reduction, there would be a great ease because logistics deals with getting products wherever they are in need at the right time. This is only possible; by the way, the products are stored. The first principle that states that materials should be handled as less as possible surprises me most. I fail to understand the aim of handling materials without really handling them, but the results of this principle stand out for themselves. The other principle that surprises me is the principle of moving optimum units in one package. I would argue that it is more risky to move a huge number of goods in one unit due to risk of destruction and huge losses. In fragmented logistics, activities are under management in many different offices in an organization while in unified logistics as the name suggests multiple activities under execution in one department and managed as a single unit. Every participant in the network organization has their specific duty to carry out under their department. If everyone is doing their duty, then the agility of the whole system should be precise and accurate on timing and coordination. One principle of logistics is not to affect the production of the product. If a network is efficient the relevancy, responsiveness and flexibility is under

Cell Structure Essay Example for Free

Cell Structure Essay After completing the exercise, I was able to: a) Prepare the specimens for staining. b) Observe and identify the unique and typical structures of the microscopic world. c) Identify and use different stains for different types of organelles. Introduction Cell is the simplest unit of life as we see it now. All organisms are made from cells. It is first explained by Robert Hooke in the year 1665 and it is now known to be of almost universal occurrence in organisms. Cell theory refers to the idea that cells are the basic unit of structure in every living thing. Development of this theory during the mid 1600s was made possible by advances in microscopy. In the hierarchy of biological organization, the cell is the simplest collection of matter that can live. There are diverse forms of life that exist as single-celled organism or complex organism. Though in general, most cells are similar, they still show considerable diversity especially in their contents, shape and function. However, with the creation of microscope, scientists and researchers are able to study the specimen of a cell and identify its different structure. Big structures such as the cell wall, cell membrane and nucleus could be seen under the light microscope. Nevertheless, some smaller structures are still too small to be identified without first staining it. Stains can be used to enhance contrast in microscopy image. The choices of stain are important because different stains react or concentrate in different parts of a cell or tissue. This can be seen when acetocarmine stains the nucleus and its contents; iodine solution stains starch grains. Through this experiment, we will be able to determine the structures in the cell. Results and Discussion I. Epidermal Cells of Plants Low power| | The diagram drawn is the upper layer of the cell of the Rheo Discolours leaf. From the diagram, we can see that the cells structured together, that is it seems to be a layer of over-lapped plant cells. Some of the cell have rhombus shaped object. Most of the cells have thick cell wall. After adding the stain iodine, the nucleus of the cell can be seen clearly on the few cells with a few smaller dark spots, that is the starch grains. High power| | The diagram drawn above shows the lower side of the Rheo Discolours leaf cells. While the upper surface has the simple structures such as cell membranes, cell walls and vacuole, the lower structure consists of all that and also a clearer view of the epidermal cells of the leaf. When magnified, the guard cells and also the stomata. The guard cells are lip-shaped, surrounding the stomata. Most of the cells have thick cell wall, with signs of the parenchyma cells on the surface layer and the lower layer of the cell. There are signs of collenchymas especially when there are thickening around the edges of the cell wall when both corners are joined at the cell wall on both surfaces. The lower surface have definitely larger amount of guard cells and stoma compare to the upper surface of the leave. The cell that contains green plastids is the guard cells which contain the chloroplast. II. Cell Wall and Middle Lamellae | The structure drawn above is the transverse section of celery cell. The cell wall is seen from the microscope, surrounding the structure and keeping it intact. A cross-section of a celery sample is composed of many cells. Transparent cells are in pith, vascular tissues and endodermis. Endodermis is like a border between the inner and outer parts of a leaf. In the inner part of the leaf, the vascular tissue can be seen quite clearly grouped together, although the difference whether it is a xylem or phloem is indistinguishable. Collenchyma cell can also be seen in this cell when the walls are joined angularly at the corners. The fine channel in the cellulose that connects the adjacent cells is the plasmodemata. III. Yeast Cells (Saccharomyces) The cell drawn above is the structure of the yeast cell which is small when observed under the microscope. Yeast is a tiny form of fungi or plant-like microorganism (visible only under a microscope) that exists in or on all living matter. Inside the yeast, one could see the nucleus, which are the dark colour dots, a liquid solution of protoplasm, protein, fat and mineral matter that the yeast is mainly composed of and the dark patches called the vacuole. However, it can be seen that the yeast cells do have irregular shaped cell walls. In a way, yeast cell resembles the plant cells as they also have a cell wall. Budding is a type of asexual reproduction commonly seen in yeast cells. New individuals will arise from the outgrowths of existing ones. Budding allows the cell to grow without the fusion of the egg and sperm cell. Therefore, individual cells can also reproduce without a mate. I can conclude that yeast is neither a plant nor an animal cell; it is a type of fungi like mushroom. IV. Blood cells The structure above shows the drawing of the red blood cells. The red blood cells are so small that none of the structures are distinguishable. However, I could be sure that the red blood cell does not contain any nucleus. It is irregular in shape, so the cell wall is also absent. The blood cells mostly clump together. They differ from the regular animal cell in the sense that it does not contain any nucleus whatsoever and it has no starch grains. The red blood cell is surrounded by a type of liquid, named the plasma. V. Spirogyra Cells The Spirogyra cells are cells that consist of a chain of elongated cells joined end to end. It consists of the basic structure seen in the plant cells, which is cell wall, cell membrane, nucleus, small starch grains and most importantly the chloroplast which is the most visible under the microscope. The chloroplast consists of stacks of grana that can be seen clearly spiraling along the elongated cells. Chloroplast is important for the plant during photosynthesis as it converts sunlight and carbon dioxide into oxygen and energy. VI. Flagellum The cell drawn above is the Euglena cells. It is a one body cell that exists individually. It is very small even under the microscope and is barely visible even with staining. The euglena cell is green in colour. However it is not a plant cell because the shape is an irregular shape. Some of the Euglena has a tail structure that comes from the top of the cell. This tail is called the flagellum. It seems that the flagellum is its mode of transport. Conclusion In a cell, whether an animal or a plant cells or cells from other groups in the animal kingdom, there are also smaller molecular structures that can only be seen with a high power microscope. Some structures require staining in order to be visible to the eye even with a microscope. Every staining is unique in order to see certain structures of the cell. Different types of cells have different structures and shapes. Every cell has their own special characteristics in these structures.

Multiple Sclerosis Essay -- Biology Essays Research Papers

Multiple Sclerosis (1) One third of a million Americans suffer from MS and a great percentage of those people are women. Women account for 73% of MS sufferers. (2) MS usually strikes young adults between the ages of 20 and 40 years old. (8) There are even some cases of MS being diagnosed in childhood. Multiple sclerosis is a disease that affects the central nervous system, attacking the brain and the spinal cord. MS attacks myelin, the fatty material that acts as a protective coating to the body's nerves. (1) The inflammation of the nerve tissues covering the nerves can affect any part of the nervous system and varies from person to person. (7) Normal nerve function decreases with the onset of MS because MS causes scars to form on the covering of the nerve. Multiple Sclerosis acquires this term because it literally means scars. (1,7) The covering of the nerve with myelin is very important so that the nerve can transmit signals rapidly and efficiently. Demylelination enables the nerve to carry impulses properly by either blocking or slowing transmission and this is why the various symptoms of MS occur. (1) Symptoms associated with Multiple sclerosis consist in a wide range. MS could cause a numbness of the limbs, loss of vision, or even paralysis. (2) There is no specific set of symptoms that a patient may experience because MS may have affected different parts of the nervous system. Some patients may experience a loss of balance, unstable walking, clumsiness, blurred vision, spasticity (a spring-like resistance to moving or being moved), abnormal speech, memory loss, impotence, and bladder problems are to name a few. (1) In any one patient the symptoms may vary with each attack. (7) The symptoms can last up to days or... ...ave MS are suffering from a disease from which there is no cure and can only have their symptoms alleviated for a while. Earlier mandatory testing should be at the forefront for the young adults that MS targets. > WWW Sources 1)What is MS?, http://www.msif.org/language_choice.html 2)What is Multiple Sclerosis, http://www.nationalmssociety.org/ILD/home/ 3)Multiple Sclerosis: Overview, http://medstat.med.utah.edu/ 4)References on Multiple Sclerosis and Marijuana , http://www.druglibrary.org/ 5)Multiple Sclerosis, Mulitiple Sclerosis Symptom, Multiple Sclerosis Treatment, http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/neuro/neuro01/web3/www.pychealth.com 6)My Life and Fight Against Multiple Sclerosis, http://www.angelfire.lycos.com/ 7)Multiple Sclerosis, http://health.yahoo.com/ 8)Multiple Sclerosis, http://www.msif.org/language_choice.html

Essay --

â€Å"Heroism is a matter of integrity- becoming more and more at each step ourselves.† (Joseph Campbell) The Hero’s Journey is the basic template for all great stories. It includes the start to an adventure, a mentor, initiation by trials an and challenges, victory, and return. In The Hobbit, a fantasy novel by J.R.R Tolkien, the tale depicts the quest of protagonist Bilbo Baggins, a humble hobbit who plays the role of the burglar as he must help dwarves bring back their home held captive by the dragon Smaug. As he makes the quest to the Lonely Mountain he changes, grows, and develops as the inner â€Å"Took† personality grows within himself. The major transforming events test his abilities late causing Bilbo to evoke and reveal his true heroic nature. Before Bilbo goes on the death defying journey he is introduced as a regular hobbit who is calm, and never having the thought of going on an adventure. Bilbo’s background includes his â€Å"Baggins† personality and his â€Å"Took† personality. The Bagginses side of the family is described as â€Å"very respectable, not only because they never had any adventures† (Tolkien 2). On the outside Bilbo is seen with having a Baggins personality which is as of a regular hobbit. The Tooks were however different than many hobbits and was seen by society as â€Å"not as respectable as the Bagginses, though they were undoubtedly richer†(3). Bilbo’s Took side of family was known for going on adventures and being more different than the normal hobbit. Within himself Bilbo possesses a Took personality and realizes only at the end of his journey. Though Bilbo doesn't know this within himself as he later on changes as an individual he begins to notice t he changes occurring. The call for adventure is where the init... ...uch as they use to before. However Bilbo is not bothered by the fact as he has gained more to not care about any of it. In the end he gained more experiences, friends, and tales to tell in the future about the adventures he has made. â€Å"‘My dear Bilbo!’ he said.‘Something is the matter with you! You are not the same hobbit that you were.’†(302). Bilbo has reached the point of becoming a hero as his journey comes to an end. As Bilbo finally returns to everyday life he lives as a different hobbit than before. The Hero’s Journey exhibits the transformation of the character Bilbo Baggins into a brave and confident hobbit as he face many events that exam the abilities and changes through the quest he makes. The development, growth, and changes that occur in Bilbos characteristics makes him able to handle the many challenges and temptations that he is faced with.

Crm at Makro

Let me start by giving a brief idea of what Customer Relationship Management means. CRM, or Customer Relationship Management, is a company-wide business strategy designed to reduce costs and increase profitability by solidifying customer loyalty. True CRM brings together information from all data sources within an organization (and where appropriate, from outside the organization) to give one, holistic view of each customer. It's a strategy used to learn more about customers' needs and behaviors in order to develop stronger relationships with them.This allows customer facing employees in such areas as sales, customer support, and marketing to make quick yet informed decisions on everything from cross-selling (selling to an existing customer) and up-selling (selling something that is more profitable or otherwise preferable for the seller instead of, or in addition to, the original sale) opportunities to target marketing strategies to competitive positioning tactics. Once thought of as a type of software, CRM has evolved into a customer-centric philosophy that must infuse an entire organization. There are three key elements to a successful CRM initiative: people, process, and technology. The people throughout a company-from the CEO to each and every customer service representative need to buy in to and support CRM. * A company's business processes must be reengineered to support its CRM initiative, often from the view of, how can this process better serve the customer? * Firms must select the right technology to drive these improved processes, provide the best data to the employees, and be easy enough to operate that users won't face problems. If one of these three foundations is not sound, the entire CRM structure will crumble. Now that you have an idea what CRM is, I will move on to discuss the CRM of Makro.For this I had to meet up with the manager of customer relation at Makro’s head office located inside the shopping complex. The Manager was quite hel pful and encouraging which I was not expecting honestly. I took 20 minutes of his time and discuss about the CRM his company managed. I started by asking what communication means to him and his company and according to him communication skills are important in every aspect of business. Information must be clear and accurate. In Customer Service, you must be able to explain company policies to customers and answer their questions about your products or services.These customers are not experts in your business, so you must be able to translate industry terms or technical information into layman's terms. Customer development and maintenance of relationships with customers is very important especially for a huge chain like Makro. Like businesses, Hypermarkets are also focusing on improving relationships with their customers and want to gain customer loyalty. Globalization and technological improvements have given Makro a tough competition where new competitors keep on emerging Metro bei ng one of them currently.Makro is focusing on managing customer relationships in order to efficiently maximize revenues. For Makro marketing is not just limited to developing, delivering and selling, it is developing towards maintaining long term relationships with customers. Relationship marketing is becoming more and more important in financial services . Managers really needs to look at areas where opportunities lie because industry consolidation, multiple delivery channels and online banking are making the customers leave one bank for another.Thus banks are increasingly using customer relationship management to develop long lasting relationships with their customers. Ensuring customer satisfaction is their main goal of any company. To achieve this goal customers especially HORECA are frequently contacted, and it is made sure that Makro staff and CRM department asks them about the problems they are facing and they try their level best to solve them. These methods increase custome r convenience and satisfaction in the longer run and keeps on bringing the customers back.Makro offers its customer the following advantages, known as the ‘Makro Advantage’ which includes: Competitive Prices 1. Quality Guaranteed, 2. Everything Under One Roof, 3. Air-conditioned and clean environment, 4. Bulk Packing, 5. Detailed Sales Invoice, 6. Extended Business Hours – 8:00 am to 12 Midnight, 7. Open 7 days a Week including national holidays, 8. Vast and secure parking space, 9. Convenient shopping environment for senior citizens and customers on wheelchairs, 10. Makro Mail: a fortnightly price list with special promotions on a vast range of productsOne main problem is the difference in price of one product and buying in bulk. Buying in bulk is cheaper and most customers don’t understand that unless we explain it to them. So we have to continuously reinforce this idea in their minds. We also have to deal with unsatisfied customer if for example the pro duct is faulty; we have to compensate them properly. A business this large cannot survive unless we have a large number of loyal customers. Since they can easily break off and buy from our competitors. Competition is very fierce from other similar business.So we have designed some strategies to give us the competitive edge. Makro designs special promotions privileges for its customers to offer maximum benefits of price competitiveness and convenience. Enclosed is a copy of our promotional circular – the Makro Mail. This circular, published twice a month, offers Makro’s customers information on the best deals and new products available at its centers. Customers get this information delivered free of charge at their doorstep enabling them to make informed buying decisions for their businesses. Customer satisfaction is the most important objective at Makro.Makro Gold Card is one way of showing our appreciation for your patronage and providing you with a more personalized service. Gold Card at Makro offers you the advantage of an annual bonus scheme which is an extra percentage off on your annual purchase at Makro. The extra bonus amount will be excluding tax, Makro Mail offers and already discounted articles. We also offer Purchase solutions for Employee Canteen / Cafeteria, Fair Price Shop, Office equipment ;amp; stationery, General office supplies: tea, coffee, drinks, tissues, cleaning items etc and Tools ;amp; maintenance requirements.A purchase solution is when we sell our commodities online. B2B If you are a business concern that buys its need in bulk, get in touch with our Customer Development Department, stationed at each Store for your options of payment. Following non-cash options are available for purchases at all Makro Centres. Debit Card Debit card is the most convenient ;amp; safe payment option. For safety and security a separate account may be opened at Habib Metropolitan Ban or MCB, which will insure tha funds are available and cont rolled in a separate account for Makro purchase.Credit Card Makro accepts payment through credit cards with a bank charge of 1. 73% Advance on Credit Goods can be purchased against the exact amount deposited at Makro Centres. Bank Guarantee Credit is available against a bank guarantee provide by the customer to Makro Centres. Marketing The next main question was about marketing and how Makro conducts it: The CRM systems at Makro for marketing help the enterprise identify and target potential clients and generate leads for the sales team.An important marketing capability is tracking and measuring multichannel campaigns, including email, social media, telephone and direct mail. Prospect Relationship Management (PRM) solutions which track customer behavior and nurture them from first contact to sale, often cutting out the active sales process altogether. Customer Service and Solutions Makro's Customer Development Department situated on the sales floor of every Makro Centre help custome r with their question, queries and problem and offers them the right solutions. We have our own call center located in house.Customers can also E-mail and go the the site http://www. makropakistan. com/index. htm for feedback. Plus all Makro centers are equipped to help handicapped people move around and have accessibility for wheelchairs etc. keeping checks and balances on the cleanliness and maintenance of the branch: a nice, clean ambience makes an overall good experience for the customer. Feedback is very important for Makro said the manager, it helps in improving and enhancing the service we provide. Social media Social media has been a great help for many businesses.Same is the case for Makro. Social media sites like Twitter, LinkedIn and Facebook are amplifying the voice of people in the marketplace and are having profound and far-reaching effects on the ways in which people buy. Customers can now research companies online and then ask for recommendations through social media channels, making their buying decision without contacting the company. Makro has its own page on Facebook http://www. facebook. com/profile. php? id=100001615146117. People also use social media to share opinions and experiences on companies, products and services.As social media is not as widely moderated or censored as mainstream media, individuals can say anything they want about a company or brand, positive or negative. Increasingly, companies are looking to gain access to these conversations and take part in the dialogue. More than a few systems are now integrating to social networking sites. Social media promoters cite a number of business advantages, such as using online communities as a source of high-quality leads and a vehicle for crowd sourcing solutions to client-support problems.Companies can also leverage client stated habits and preferences to -target† their sales and marketing communications. Some analysts take the view that business-to-business marketers shou ld proceed cautiously when weaving social media into their business processes. These observers recommend careful market research to determine if and where the phenomenon can provide measurable benefits for client interactions, sales and support. It is stated that people feel their interactions are peer-to-peer between them and their contacts, and resent company involvement, sometimes responding with negatives about that company.

Iroquois essays

Iroquois essays Theories of literature demand the reader separate the author from the story. Millions of students engrain the mantra of the author is not a character in the novel into their memory or risk failing the most basic of English courses. While the author may not directly play a role in the novel, he does create a picture of a certain time and culture Therefore literature represents culture, especially in folklore and religious stories. This is true in the case of the creation myth; what a person believes about his creation provides insight to his cultural and personal beliefs. Comparing and contrasting the creation stories of the worlds three main religions with the creation myth of the Iroquois nation illustrates this link between culture and creation of a society. Within the stories of creation the reader gains insight to the use of symbolism in everyday life, the role of gender within society, religion as well as human relations with the earth itself. The similarities in the creation stories of several cultures can be attributed to the fact that the Judeo-Christian and Islamic versions of the creation are one in the same. The Quran does not retell the creation story; rather it makes comments and corrections on the previous Judeo-Christian creation. Therefore the symbolism between the three cultures and time periods is one and the same. This leaves many of the symbols in the works, however interesting and significant to the text, irrelevant to the topic of this paper. The only time a compare or contrast in symbols will be mentioned is when the Quran specifically addresses a change to the creation story as seen in the first five books of the Bible/Torah. The purpose of this work is to stress the symbolic significance in the Iroquois creation myth in relation to those of the East/Western religions. Readers of literature may assume the works of other cultures are a word for word account of what is meant....

Research Paper on Crowd Management Plan

Research Paper on Crowd Management Plan Crowd Management Plan for an Existing Outdoor Event research paper: Introduction Crowd management is a vital factor that needs profound consideration. This is because even an event that has a small attendance has the likelihood of becoming crowded depending on the venue/area’s capacity where such an event is being held compared to the individuals expected to attend (Premier Cabinet, 2011, Para 1). The concept of â€Å"Crowd management encompasses the operational planning and procedures employed to handle the process and facilitation of movement as it relates to crowd associated functions† (Avery Soo, 2003, p. 35). An effective management of a crowd calls for a thorough crowd behavior understanding as well as a coordinated effort for planning safe environments for accommodating all types of audiences in any kind of event. Thus, management of a facility, event participants and promoters, law enforcement and government personnel must cooperate in assurance of safety and successful management of individuals (Avery Soo, 2003, p. 35). A crowd has various faces as well as different responses towards similar stimuli. It could be hard to imagine someone within a crowd who is intending to cause serious injury or kill another person in an event in which crowds assemble. Basically, in majority of the instances, it has been established that people offer assistance to others incase of trouble, serious impairment, or in case one requires medical attention. Various task forces have been formed to look into the safety of crowds and the public in events. Through their reports, it has been shown clearly at an increasing rate that the principle factor in assurance of a comfortable and safe environment for huge crowds is effective planning for such crowd’s management. The purpose of this paper is to critically examine the concept of crowd management with focus being on a crowd management plan for an existing outdoor event; the event under study is a sporting event. Event Details Overview of the Event: In planning of an event, it is important to come up with a fitting location depending on the type of event that is being carried out. Planning needs determination of a goal, visualization of a strategy for achievement of that goal, and development of a step by step process towards the achievement of the set goal (SEOH, 2005, p. 5). Location is agreed upon as per the requirements of the events and its goals. In selection of event’s date, there are some factors that should be put into consideration and they involve: the environmental conditions such as weather to avoid fixing the date during rainy seasons that may not favor the event; events should be free from national holidays to ensure there will be participants; and the availability of stakeholders in the event (SEOH, 2005, p.8). Tickets to facilitate participation should be produced according to the financial ability of the target participants. They should be sold in well known places and maximum publicity be given (SEOH, 2 005, p. 9). Profile of the Audience: In a sports event, it is important to note that some individuals who happen to be highly familiar with an environment or venue, such as regularly occurring crowds during football matches, have a higher likelihood of conducting themselves in the event in ways they are used to or even follow same route every time they get to such events. Thus, it is important to ensure that during the event, there is effective use of multiple modes of monitoring the crowd to ensure that the crowd and its behavior are assessed effectively from multiple perspectives. This could call for such actions as inclusion of officers on such grounds, use of undercover officers within the crowd, roof-top spotters, stewards, helicopters, CCTV cameras, and also some commanders who oversee the event from a centre of command (Challenger, Clegg Robinson, 2009, p. 21). In some situations, the crowd could be totally unfamiliar with the circumstances or surroundings of the event and thus they will behave differently, e.g. , they may stop and start more frequently, rely heavily on stewarding and signage, and move more slowly. Thus, event managers should ensure that the venue have plenty signage that is highly visible, accurate and easily comprehensible (Challenger, Clegg Robinson, 2009, p. 22). Entertainment: Sporting events are always considered as a place of work for some individuals while others consider them as places for leisure activity. Events range from a family day in a local park to the music festivals events, carnivals, firework displays, sporting events, crusades, etc. It is important for crowd managers to ensure that the people participating in an event are not subjected to boredom and so there must be safe and recommendable forms of entertainment to eliminate the problem of monotony in case of breaks during the event (Lubbe, 2003, p. 55). Attendance: Attendance of the event should be determined by the kind of sporting event being done. It is possible to estimate the potential number of participants in such an event by considering the proportion of the public that follows subsequent events. For instance, it is possible to determine that events involving some sports teams in football command a large audience and this could help in planning process (Billboard, 2002, p. 19). Running Schedule: In events like this, there must be a promoter who acts as the broker between a facility and the organizers; the promoter is considered as a player of a key role in contracts’ preparation. The promoter secures a desired facility for use, prepares effective contracts between the organizers and facility, arranges for promotion of the event and sale of tickets, and also pays requirements for security. Overall organization of the event is done by promoters who get paid by organizers and they most often tend to work freely from facilities. Promoters have the responsibility of coordinating all an event’s aspects with the facility and officials from the government to ensure that the event is in compliance with the local laws of safety. The promoters in most cases come up with their own management plan for the event, list the responsibilities of their personnel and timetable of the event, and usually share such material with other parties during the event (Mccloud, 2010, p. 21). Venue: Venues of a wide range can be effectively used in accommodating outdoor events. However, it is very important to consider some factors before settling on any venue. Such important factors that should be considered include: how the target group shall get to the venue; the planning issues involved in the desired venue; the arrangements needed in management of individuals outside the venue; the necessities of managing individuals inside the venue; the way in which the target people shall view the activities- concern should be whether they are to view them standing, sitting, or in a festival seating, or circulating from an activity to the other; the safe capacities in the venue- the whole venue or even for different sections; and whether a venue is already authorized for running the kind of event that is being organized (EMH, 2008, p. 9). Permits and Authorities There is need to ensure that event organizers contact the relevant agencies and bodies during planning stages of an event. Any activity that entails a concentration of individuals gathering in a specific locality will automatically have some effects on the local infrastructure and thus it is considered common courtesy for the event organizers to inform the relevant agencies or authorities, and the local residents to avoid inconveniences during the event. The significance of this is that there may be need for the event organizer to get into a process of formal consultation with statutory agencies in the society (EMH, 2008, p. 7). Licensing: Entertainment events vary greatly in character, size, and other factors like risk and hazard. Naturally, organizers of complex or large events could require seeking of more specialist advice from elsewhere and this creates the need for formalizing such events. Through licensing of events like these, organizers find it easy to secure security from government agencies such as the police or other administrators and this helps in reducing the chances of occurrence of some emergency problems. Licensing makes an event so formal in such a way that the organizers feel their security and crowd management boosted in a great way (EMH, 2008, p. 10). Noise management: Entertainment events tend to produce so much noise and this could land the organizers of such events into problems with authorities due to noise pollution. Many agencies have put measures in place to curb noise pollution especially at night and in residential areas. Thus, it is important for event organizers to ensure that they secure a noise license allowing them to carry out their activities peacefully as failure could lead to distractions that could lead to confrontation between the participants and law enforcement agencies such as the police (Fahy Walker, 2004, p. 184). Risk Analysis and Evaluation Risk registers (on crowd control only): A large number of events happen nationally and cases of trouble and problems are rarely reported. However, new, unquestionably and also unexpected difficulties and hardships have been arising from time to time. For instance, in major cities, some officers of police have estimated, though informally, that around 1 to 2% of sporting events’ spectators carries handguns at any given time. There are some conditions, which can lead to problems in management of crowds and these include: the problems that are created from within a crowd; those that are as a result of a crowd external to the facility; rumor; and environmental catastrophe (Avery Soo, 2003, p. 38). Action plans: In order to develop an effective plan for crowd management, there is need for the management of the facility to be aware of all the audience’s characteristics that is attracted by any particular event (Fahy Walker, 2004, p. 184). When the facility operator, event promoter, and the police commander understand their crowd, it becomes a must and easier for them to plan accordingly. The facility management happens to have great influence on safety of the crowd as well as on the actions of entertainers and promoters. It does not matter how a contract is written between the promoter and a facility, but local management of the facility should accept and acknowledge its obligation regarding the community it serves’ safety. The management of the facility holds the key responsibility of assuring safe conditions that are in compliance with statutes that are applicable as well as of reasonable standards. Such a responsibility also calls for cooperative efforts with the law enforce ment agents and also other event managers. However, such cooperation is not mean to relieve the management of the facility off its accountability in provision of resources for successful and safe events. Officials of law enforcement can of course take over control and direction in case of emergencies but this should not dilute the responsibility of the management for taking the necessary and reasonable steps for assurance that controllable emergencies do not happen in the course of the event (CD, 1997, Para 15). o What happens incase of an emergency? In any sporting event, there is need for setting up an emergency room with sufficient space and equipment for handling large crowd incidents and routine accidents. To cater for an emergency in an effective way, it is important for maintenance of effective communication with the local providers of emergency medical services who should respond appropriately; and must have the ability of handling a disaster faced by a mass crowd appropriately (Fruin, 2002, p. 9). Emergency Response Plan (ERP): In all major events, it is important to have readily available emergency medical as well as ambulance services to ensure that timely and effective treatment is easily available to the people who may need it. To assure such effectiveness, an Emergency Response Plan (ERP) should be developed and it could include such things as: inclusion of a section of medical emergency service in a plan for crowd management; there is need for public assembly areas for maintaining first aid rooms as well as setting up minimal standards for such rooms and the on-duty medical personnel; government authorities should adopt an effective ordinance for setting standards for the ambulance equipment and personnel; there is need for the location of such first aid rooms to be publicized to ensure event patrons know them; effective training should be offered to the medical personnel entrusted to offer emergency medical services in events (Fruin, 2002, p. 11). Site induction procedures: Every event must have attendant risks; the initial step in management of such risks includes examination of all the areas of an event in order to determine the positions in which losses could occur. Such an examination should not be limited to the safety issues only but should ensure the event is safely conducted in the most possible way and if there occurs an unfortunate thing, the organization is not further impacted by the loss either through adverse publicity or financially. The examination could further assist in making decision regarding hiring of event crew or event/crowd managers (Worksafe, 2007, p. 3). Crowd Controller’s Emergency Planning Processes: A crowd controller is an individual who is employed and retained with the principal aim being maintenance of order by ensuring that: behavior is effectively monitored and controlled; all attendants in an event are screened appropriately during entry to the venue; removing any individual; and also maintenance of order at a public place (Worksafe, 2007, p. 4). It is the responsibility of the facility owners to develop and communicate emergency evacuation plan. The empowerment of crowd controllers is agreed upon by the facility owners and the promoter (Worksafe, 2007, p. 25). Thus, the crowd controllers cannot do anything unless they are advised by their employers in public events. Communication Processes + Internal communication: This is the communication that occurs within the organization of event management and includes all the operations stakeholders. According to psychologists, a crowd could be likened to an intermeshing behavioral cells’ series in which each cell consists of a relatively small group of the surrounding people; who have limited communication between themselves. The cell members lack a broad view for the events taking place within a crowd. Thus, a dominant member of a cell can influence the cell’s collective behavior. This makes it possible for occurrence of communication in chains among chains of cells, often through spread of incorrect information and rumor, potentially inciting people into inappropriate behavior (Fruin, 2002, p.4). # External communication: This is communication occurring to the external of the organization or event scene. It includes the audience, attendees, guests, general public, delegates, and also the other external stakeholders. In a sporting event, focus is not only on the individuals in the venue but also those outside the venue. To ensure safety of those in the venues, there should be maintained a good communication with the law enforcement centers to ensure that there is a smooth flow of the event (Fruin, 2002, p.4). Conclusion and Recommendation In conclusion, this paper has established that considering crowd management is a key issue that should never be ignored. Any event can become crowded as this solely depends on a venue’s capacity in which an event is conducted. Thus, crowd management is required to both the small and large events especially in sporting events where turn out is sometimes predictable and many tragedies occur in them. This paper recommends that event organizers should seek advice of the landowner or venue manager concerning its capacity. There is also need to clarify who is charged with the responsibility of counting patrons, to ensure protective measures are effectively taken. In addition, the paper has found out that there is need for full time emergency medical provision services in areas known to hold public events such as football stadiums to ensure that emergencies could be dealt with promptly.

Binoy Study Essays

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Government policies on citizenship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Government policies on citizenship - Essay Example In Canada for example, the citizenship act states that citizenship becomes automatic for any person born in Canada or born of Canadian parents after February 14th, 1977. This is the citizenship status acquisition by birth. The same is true for children born in the United States or born of American parents (they immediately qualify to be citizens). Citizenship by birth is however challenged when it comes to children who are not born in these respective countries but whom are adopted by the parents who are citizens of these nations. According to the Canadian citizenship act, there is a gray area where this issue is concerned. The issue has however been mentioned by the Department of Justice though the meaning remains vague and ambiguous. The same cannot be said to be true in the US as there is no mention of such matter by the department of State Bureau of Consular affairs which is charged with the responsibility of citizenship. This probably explains why questions are raised about couples who adopt children outside the jurisdiction of the United States and what will become of such children where citizenship is concerned. Most of such individuals when they grow up are forced to apply citizenship through naturalization method and this is not tight since their adoption is by American citizen parents just like those born by them. When it comes to naturalization, the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services categorize the people who should or should not receive citizenship. This department handles such issues because most of the rules surrounding this type of naturalization depend on how long an individual has been in the country which is under the jurisdiction of immigration. In both countries (Canada and USA), the rules of application of citizenship by naturalization are strict and require the individual to have permanently resided in those countries for a number of years. The

Human Services Issues Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Human Services Issues - Research Paper Example It is shown in the articles of Bosman (2010) and Kaufman (2008) that since housing takes up the largest percentage of individual and family income traditional belief indicates that this whole population is in the verge of homelessness, and numerous do become homeless at some point in their poor life. Other, more definite roots of homelessness involve issues of employment, weakening public support, limited affordable housing, substance abuse, mental problems, domestic violence, and lack of health insurance (McNamara 2008). Any one of these issues is adequate to make a family or an individual homeless, and for numerous people, homelessness is the outcome of a personal conflict between being employed in a low-paying job with no health privileges and lack of accessible, low-priced housing. A family and individual in the aforesaid situations usually cannot pay for housing on their earnings from a minimum-wage employment, and they are not entitled to public support. This reality is accurat ely described by Bosman (2010) by stating that administration officials were surprised and demoralized by the marked increase in the prevalence of homelessness. Even the commissioner of homeless services, Robert Hess, declared that the city of New York is now feeling the enlargement in its massive shelter system several years ago (McNamara 2008). As cited by Bosman (2010), Hess declared, â€Å"And now we’re seeing the devastating effect of this unprecedented poor economy on our streets as well† (ibid, para 2). Statistics show that children make up 25% of the homeless in urban areas, and among the homeless adult, 14% are unmarried females and 47% are unmarried males (McNamara 2008, 52). Previous reports from the 1997 study of the U.S. Conference of Mayors of homelessness in urban areas suggest that 36% of the population of homeless people is made up of homeless families (McNamara 2008, 52). New York City, as clearly explained by Bosman (2010), is bearing the brunt of th e national recession. However, homelessness is not just an outcome of the declining economy; it is also brought about by the reduction in the number of low-priced housing alternatives to working and poor individuals and families in New York City. The article of Bosman (2010) gives the insight that in other corners of the United States individuals blame their homelessness and poor conditions on impoverished individuals. The traditional belief that poor individuals become poor due to their own weaknesses remains. This belief normally rules out children, who are regarded innocent, but it is difficult to support children without supporting their parents. Although Bosman (2010) obviously think that it is vital for individuals to assume responsibility for their own lives, it is also vital that in an affluent country for society to also assume responsibility. In several regions of the country, homelessness and poverty are quite indiscernible (McNamara 2008). Bosman’s (2010) article showed that the homelessness and poverty awareness of New York has raised a very developed knowledge of poverty and its roots. This article indirectly shows hard proof that the officials of New York understand the problem of homelessness. Meanwhile, the most

Marketing Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing - Literature review Example With social media, an organization is able to easily use features available in social media to create eye capturing g adverts and applications that would help consumers make their shopping decisions. For instance, the probability of a young person to access a social media site is high on daily basis as compared to the probability to access an advert from another source. Additionally, the features in social media such as creation of organizational pages make it easier for an organization to effectively market its products (Hargadon & Douglas, 2001). Muntinga, Moorman & Smit (2011) argue that when consumers make shopping decisions, they base their decisions on customer service and approach an organization uses. The authors further point out that the fast a n advert captures the eye of a consumer the higher probability of a consumer has in choosing the organization for a shopping option (Buchanan & Gilles, 1990). The same sentiments are supported by Carrol & Reichheld (1992) who point o ut that the relationship between a consumer’s decision making process and choosing a shopping destination greatly depends on the presentation of an advertisement or knowledge of an organization. Once a consumer seeks to make a shopping decision, they need to make the decision in the least time possible. An organization should ensure that they produce a short but concise advert and use the most suitable medium to display the advert. On social media, these needs are easily addressed. The social media is an interesting medium, which captures the attention of the consumer, and a customer is likely to spend more time in the social media. This gives an organization’s marketing approach to gain more audience and enough time to influence the shopping decision making of a consumer (Kim, Mattila & Baloglu, 2011). The results of this argument have been outstanding as many organizations in the globe have social media pages. This is regardless of their size and significance in the corporate market. Cambria et.al (2011) also argue that the demand to use shopping media to provide shopping options for consumers has been on the rise since its initiation. Cambria et.al (2011) focuses on Apple Company and their utilization of the social media for marketing purposes: the organization has an outstanding social media response. Additionally, most consumers using their services and interested in their products use their social media contact information to acquire the required information on the products (Kim, Mattila & Baloglu, 2011). The organization has also increased their sensitivity in handling and responding to their social media handles. Wenger (2000) analyses the effects of the entry of the social media in the marketing industry. Prior to the introduction of the social media, consumers had to rely on physical rather than digital shopping methods. This was tiring and time consuming as they had to access organization at their centers of operation. With the introdu ction of the social media this has changed: consumers can now be able to access web pages, blogs and social media sites such as Facebook and Twitter to access shopping options. This is easier; less tiring ad does not require a

Analyzing the Management Information System of an Organization Essay

Analyzing the Management Information System of an Organization - Essay Example The essay "Analyzing the Management Information System of an Organization" makes use of the HR Frames and The Political Frame to see what reasons there are for failures of the two major organizations being discussed - Senior Class Gift Committee and Bryant Senior Advisory Council, and examines the capabilities of the leaders in handling their responsibilities. The symbolic frame emphasizes the concept of culture as a central role in leadership. Leaders should know they must work simultaneously on staff needs and skills, on goals and roles and the dynamics of political power and conflict. But there is something that operates beyond all these, an intangible manifestation that reflects the ethos or climate of the university. In Bolman and Deal’s terms, â€Å"what is most important is not what happens but what it means.† In SCG and BSA’s case, this frame is portrayed by the interpersonal relationship that the officers have towards the other members and towards themse lves as well. This frame of leadership helps the leaders re-compose themselves for the sake of the whole organization’s benefit. This is the easiest issue that needs to be dealt with in Bryant University.  Meanwhile, the structural frame emphasizes the importance of formal roles and relationships. â€Å"Structures- commonly depicted by means of organizational charts - are created to fit an organization’s environment and technology†.  The focus is on organizational direction and goals.

2.Scientific Management School has given way to the Human Relations Essay

2.Scientific Management School has given way to the Human Relations School of Management - Essay Example This is because we have developed as a civilization and have obtained certain rights where respect, equality, motivation, appreciation and the value derived from work become important considerations for the people who work. Workers may need to find more value in their work and even if work is as natural for them as play, they would need to understand where they stand in the organization and what they need to do in order to improve their position within the company. Since companies are dealing with human resources as the most important investment they have, understanding human relations and using human relations to obtain the maximum output from workers makes the human relations school of management more important the scientific school of management. Of course this does not mean that the lessons learnt from the scientific management school can be ignored altogether. In fact, their value remains quite intact but the focus of the management paradigm is closer to managing human resources rather than the manner in which they spend their time on a minute to minute basis. It must be remembered that scientific management comes from the beginning of the industrial age and even then Taylor recognized that managers need to cooperate with and consider the problems faced by the workers (Boddy, 2002). Taylor made it quite clear that without good planning or recognizing the problems of the workers, no management system would be able to increase profitability. The productivity of a company could only be improved if the right person was doing the right job and that the person was being given increasing rewards for good performance. Scientific management certainly was popular at the time Taylor was living to the point that he became the first known management consultant. He helped businesses by increasing their productivity while reducing the number of workers required. His

Analyzing the Management Information System of an Organization Essay

Analyzing the Management Information System of an Organization - Essay Example The essay "Analyzing the Management Information System of an Organization" makes use of the HR Frames and The Political Frame to see what reasons there are for failures of the two major organizations being discussed - Senior Class Gift Committee and Bryant Senior Advisory Council, and examines the capabilities of the leaders in handling their responsibilities. The symbolic frame emphasizes the concept of culture as a central role in leadership. Leaders should know they must work simultaneously on staff needs and skills, on goals and roles and the dynamics of political power and conflict. But there is something that operates beyond all these, an intangible manifestation that reflects the ethos or climate of the university. In Bolman and Deal’s terms, â€Å"what is most important is not what happens but what it means.† In SCG and BSA’s case, this frame is portrayed by the interpersonal relationship that the officers have towards the other members and towards themse lves as well. This frame of leadership helps the leaders re-compose themselves for the sake of the whole organization’s benefit. This is the easiest issue that needs to be dealt with in Bryant University.  Meanwhile, the structural frame emphasizes the importance of formal roles and relationships. â€Å"Structures- commonly depicted by means of organizational charts - are created to fit an organization’s environment and technology†.  The focus is on organizational direction and goals.

Why every child should attend all-day kindergarten Essay

Why every child should attend all-day kindergarten - Essay Example There is immense importance which is given to this subject. The basis is backed up with sufficient data and research which goes a long in establishing the fact that child development indeed owes a lot of attributes on the part of the people who are related with the child – the parents and/or its guardians. Having said that, it is also imperative to understand that children need training and education even from a very small age and this is just similar to the love and care that its parents provide day in day out. The aspects of love and training at the same time holds true for their balanced bringing up regime and this without a shadow of a doubt is a significant thing to comprehend in the related discussion. Now we move further ahead and pinpoint our essay on the issue of whether a child should attend an all-day kindergarten or not? The answer to this question is in the affirmative as the parents have to comprehend that admitting a child in an all-day kindergarten is for their own good as well as for their young ones. The kids start learning from a very young age and it is understandable that no parent would want his or her child to lag far behind the other children in the society or city for that matter. The all-day kindergarten ensures that the kids learn the basics of schooling right from the very beginning and they are taught the most basic of activities, habits and manners right from the start. This also guarantees that the parents are lessened of their responsibilities, though to a small extent since they have to look after the chores of their homes as well. On the part of the child who is being looked after and taught at the all-day kindergarten, it is made sure that he starts interacting with the young ones of his age and friends are created all this while, which when seen in the proper perspectives, is something of a healthy exercise. The all-day kindergarten makes sure that the young ones get to learn easily and in a quick manner without any such

The Main Purpose of Accounting Essay Example for Free

The Main Purpose of Accounting Essay Keeping track of transactions and recording revenue and expenses are an important process, often assigned to an accounting department or a financial manager. Accounting allows companies to provide reports and insights needed to make sound financial decisions. The main purpose of accounting is to identify and record all activities of the income and the outcome that will affect the organisation financially. All activities, including purchases, sales, the capital and interest earned from investments are recorded in ledgers or journals. Entrepreneurs have to understand and complete a variety of business functions. An important business function when starting a business is accounting. Although many entrepreneurs may have to deal with stacks of financial documents but accounting often provides entrepreneurs with the clearest picture of their businesses success. Entrepreneurs must also keep records regarding the business start-up for tax and legal purposes. Filing records like these with great organisation will help run the business more efficiently and responsibly. Why is it important to keep accurate financial records, and how will this help the entrepreneur? Financial records will become very important when the tax season comes but they are also important in the day to day business. Preparing financial statements such as income statements, balance sheets, and cash flow statements are important because they show how successful the business is, an income statement list revenues and expenses for the business. Accounting how much income is coming in from all channels, it can include accounts receivable, sales, etc. These items are the business revenues. Expenses should be clear because they are everything that is paid out of the business including the operating expenses, the difference between these will be the net income. To help the entrepreneur in the business, financial records should always be up to date so that it can display an accurate snapshot of the business at any time, this way the entrepreneur won’t have to back track, always keeping the business accounting affairs in order. What is meant by revenue and expenditure?  Revenue is for the business. This is the total amount of money received by the business for goods sold or services provided during a certain time period. In terms of reporting revenue in a businesses financial statement, different businesses may consider revenue to be received in different ways. For example, revenue could be received when a deal is signed, when the money is received or when the services are provided. Expenditure is spending money in order to create future benefits, which means that the money is being spent on a fixed asset, or on making sure that an existing asset has its useful life extended beyond the life of the current tax year. This could be equipment, property or industrial buildings. The difference between capital and revenue expenditure is that capital expenditure results in an addition to an asset to the business, however revenue expenditure results in an addition to the expense account. Capital expenditures are payments for asset additions and replacements. Revenue expenditures benefit a current period and are made for maintaining assets with routine repairs or replacement of a small part. A capital expenditure will benefit two or more accounting periods and expenses for future accounting periods. Revenue expenditure will cause an understatement of net income in that year. When expensing an item, it goes into the expense side of the income records where as capitalising an item will be processed on the total balance sheet. Revenue income and Capital income Capital income is money coming in from the owner of the business or outside investors for the business. It is used to buy things that will stay in the business for a long time, for example the business building, vehicles or equipment which is initially referred to assets. Revenue income is money coming in from selling goods and providing a day to day service. The main sources are; sales, rent received or commission received. The types of Capital income to expect to incur are such things as: Loans- The amount of money lent to the business from the bank. The lump sum the bank offer to give you has to be paid back in lump sums, at certain amounts, per month over the time period given. The bank will add a monthly interest onto the loan which is usually a percent of the amount borrowed. These monthly  payments need to be paid back, even if the business does not succeed. Mortgages- Mortgages are similar to loans, but tend to give out longer time periods to pay the lump sum back. To secure the mortgages you will need to put assets on line. This is usually the property you used the mortgage to pay for. The types of Revenue income to expect to incur are such things as: Sales- Or sales revenue is money coming into the business from the sales of or services. The sales can be paid for cash, which is the more comment payment, be paid by debit card or credit of the store, being paid for later on. Rent received- A business that owns property and chargers others to use all of or part of the property. The business will receive rent from this inhibitor. Commission received- A business that may sell products or services as a part of another business. For each sale they will make a percentage of what the customer pays for that sale. This percent is called commissions.

Desirees Baby Analysis of Racism

Desirees Baby Analysis of Racism We live our life within the boundaries of our belief systems and moral guidelines we were raised with such as social classes and race .The story tells about love, slavery, and racism victimizes everybody without equivalent consequence. The story is heaped with ironies. The narrator uses symbolism and irony to convey the themes of half-blood, racial hatred, unequal gender roles, and social ladder. Irony and symbolism are also used to enhance the story, captivating the minds of the reader until the very end. Foreshadowing his belief that Desirees   ancestry is possibly African-American . As the child begin to get older her skin pigmentation darkens and Armand feels as the baby is not his child Monsieur Valmonde grew practical and wanted things well considered: that is, the girls obscure origin. Armand looked into her eyes and did not care. He was reminded that she was nameless. What did it matter about a name when he could give her one of the oldest and proudest in Louisiana? Armands makes you feel as since the child had African-American heritage he dont want any responsibility for the child be name after him . Desiree mother feels like there was a racial indifferences between the child and the parents after she took the child to the window to see if it was the lighting in the home . This is not the baby! she exclaimed, in startled tones. French was the language spoken at Valmonde in those days. This comparison between Desirees baby and Zandrine could be that she feels the they are both bi-racial. At this point Desirees notices the difference in her the baby herself, When the baby was about three months old, Desiree awoke one day to the conviction that there was something in the air menacing her peace. It was at first too subtle to grasp. It had only been a disquieting suggestion; an air of mystery among the blacks; unexpected visits from far-off neighbors who could hardly account for their coming. One of La Blanches little quadroon boyshalf naked toostood fanning the child slowly with a fan of peacock feathers. Desirees eyes had been fixed absently and sadly upon the baby, while she was striving to penetrate the threatening mist that she felt closing about her. She looked from her child to the boy who stood beside him, and back again; over and over. Ah! It was a cry that she could not help; which she was not conscious of having uttered. The blood turned like ice in her veins, and a clammy moisture gathered upon her face. She stayed motionless, with gaze riveted upon her child, and her face the picture of fright. She confronts her husband for understanding,   Ã‚  Ã‚   Armand, she panted once more, clutching his arm, look at our child. What does it mean? Tell me.   Ã‚  Ã‚   He coldly but gently loosened her fingers from about his arm and thrust the hand away from him. Tell me what it means! she cried despairingly.   Ã‚  Ã‚   It means, he answered lightly, that the child is not white; it means that you are not white. She questions what Armand says and provides evidence to the fact, It is a lie; it is not true, I am white! Look at my hair, it is brown; and my eyes are gray, Armand, you know they are gray. And my skin is fair, seizing his wrist. Look at my hand; whiter than yours, Armand, she laughed hysterically. Armand burns everything that belonged to Desiree and the baby in a huge bonfire. Perhaps as a ritual cleansing of the African American blood, that had tainted, LAbri, his sheltered place.   Some weeks later there was a curious scene enacted at LAbri. In the centre of the smoothly swept back yard was a great bonfire. Armand Aubigny sat in the wide hallway that commanded a view of the spectacle; and it was he who dealt out to a half dozen negroes the material which kept this fire ablaze. While gathering things for the fire he discovers a letter from his mother to his father revealing that it is he that definitely has the Negro blood; although Desirees parentage is unknown. The last thing to go was a tiny bundle of letters; innocent little scribblings that Desiree had sent to him during the days of their espousal. There was the remnant of one back in the drawer from which he took them. But it was not Desirees; it was part of an old letter from his mother to his father. He read it. She was thanking God for the blessing of her husbands love:   Ã‚  Ã‚   But above all, she wrote.   I thank the good God for having so arranged our lives that our dear Armand will never know that his mother, who adores him, belongs to the race that is cursed with the brand of slavery.

The Power of Fate in Macbeth Essay -- William Shakespeare

Fate is one person's destiny, it cannot be understood by mere mortals but a greater power beyond human comprehension. Fate is so powerful that it controls a person's outcome on life before it happens. Many people become victims of fate in which they catch a glimpse of what their future is going to look like, but do not totally grasp the outcome. Macbeth cannot fully comprehend the possible outcome of his fate because he is mortal, and therefore is a victim to his power driven quest and his ultimate fate. Many have been said to agree with this statement. For example, as stated in Shakespeare A to Z, "The Witches are an enactment of the irrational. The supernatural world if terrifying because it is beyond human control, and in the play it is therefore symbolic of the unpredictable force of human motivation." The magic of the witches is thus an image of human moral disruption. Through their own uncertain nature, they demonstrate- and promote- the disruption in the world of they play. The outcome of the first prophecy or encounter with the Witches is the beginning of Macbeth's downfall. After Macbeth was told about his potential reign as king, Macbeth said, "Stay, you imperfect speakers. Tell me more. By Sinel's death I know I am Thane-of Glamis. But how of Cawdor?...You owe this strange intelligence or why upon this blasted heath you stop our way with such a prophetic greeting. Speak, I charge you." (1.3.73.) After Macbeth tried to ask questions, the witches vanished. The witches seem to have watched Macbeth and studied how he is. They know his weaknesses are his greed and ambition, and by telling him this specific part of his destiny, his weaknesses will overcome his virtues. The witches then left Macbeth at this time possibly be... ...ant. As stated by Frank Kermode in the book Shakespeare for Students, ?Macbeth is a play about the eclipse of civility and manhood, the temporary triumph of evil, when it ends, virtue, and justice are restored.? ?Shakespeare displays a remarkable perception of the human condition by dramatizing not only the way in which evil enters Macbeth?s world, but also the devastating effect it has on those who yield to temptation and sin? (Shakespeare for Students page 238.) Macbeth is merely a victim of his fate. In this case, the weird sisters represent the wrath and cunningness of the various ways fate can play out. Fate has so much power that it can take over a person and leave them feeling almost possessed. If Macbeth were immortal and could understand his fate, he might have saved himself, but because he is mortal he is tricked, and subsequently, destroyed by fate.

Nature versus Nurture in Shakespeares Macbeth :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

Nature versus Nurture in Macbeth One of the most commonly debated issues concerning morality is the concept of nature versus nurture. Which is more integral to one’s behavior: the inborn qualities or the influences of life on the individual? Mark Twain, in his essay entitled "What Is Man?" describes humankind this way: Man the machine--man the impersonal engine. Whatsoever a man is, is due to his MAKE, and to the INFLUENCES brought to bear upon it by his heredities, his habitat, his associations. He is moved, directed, COMMANDED, by EXTERIOR influences--SOLELY. (What Is Man?, Mark Twain, http://underthesun.cc/Classics/Twain/whatman/Whatisman.htm) There is some scientific basis for this claim. Studies have shown that both a person’s genetic structure and the circumstances to which he or she is subjected have bearing on how a person thinks, feels and acts. Considering this, the actions of the character Macbeth must be evaluated by his personal motivations and the external causes that may have led to them. It is established from the very beginning that Macbeth is ambitious. There can be no doubt about this. A certain level of courage accompanies his ambition as well. As a noble he is an active one, fighting against the rebel hordes and Norwegians in defense of his king, no doubt for the purpose of gaining notoriety and other rewards. This is further illustrated by his gracious acceptance of credit for his deeds. He is a political figure in the highest sense, and show ambition in this way. However, there is no sign of him altering his course of loyal nobleman until outside influences begin to intercede. The people with gr eatest impact on Macbeth are the witches, his wife and Lady, and King Duncan of Scotland. The witches introduce the idea, King Duncan gives personal motive, and Lady Macbeth helps along the way. The least influential party in all of this is King Duncan. The conflict between these two is purely circumstantial, but clear enough. Macbeth is, as stated, an ambitious man. The King represents the highest position of power that Macbeth can hope to achieve. The King is also a father figure, patronizing to his subjects and expectant of total servitude. When King Duncan thanks Macbeth for his heroic service in battle, Macbeth replies that "Your highness' part / Is to receive our duties; and our duties / Are to your throne and state children and servants" (1. Nature versus Nurture in Shakespeare's Macbeth :: GCSE English Literature Coursework Nature versus Nurture in Macbeth One of the most commonly debated issues concerning morality is the concept of nature versus nurture. Which is more integral to one’s behavior: the inborn qualities or the influences of life on the individual? Mark Twain, in his essay entitled "What Is Man?" describes humankind this way: Man the machine--man the impersonal engine. Whatsoever a man is, is due to his MAKE, and to the INFLUENCES brought to bear upon it by his heredities, his habitat, his associations. He is moved, directed, COMMANDED, by EXTERIOR influences--SOLELY. (What Is Man?, Mark Twain, http://underthesun.cc/Classics/Twain/whatman/Whatisman.htm) There is some scientific basis for this claim. Studies have shown that both a person’s genetic structure and the circumstances to which he or she is subjected have bearing on how a person thinks, feels and acts. Considering this, the actions of the character Macbeth must be evaluated by his personal motivations and the external causes that may have led to them. It is established from the very beginning that Macbeth is ambitious. There can be no doubt about this. A certain level of courage accompanies his ambition as well. As a noble he is an active one, fighting against the rebel hordes and Norwegians in defense of his king, no doubt for the purpose of gaining notoriety and other rewards. This is further illustrated by his gracious acceptance of credit for his deeds. He is a political figure in the highest sense, and show ambition in this way. However, there is no sign of him altering his course of loyal nobleman until outside influences begin to intercede. The people with gr eatest impact on Macbeth are the witches, his wife and Lady, and King Duncan of Scotland. The witches introduce the idea, King Duncan gives personal motive, and Lady Macbeth helps along the way. The least influential party in all of this is King Duncan. The conflict between these two is purely circumstantial, but clear enough. Macbeth is, as stated, an ambitious man. The King represents the highest position of power that Macbeth can hope to achieve. The King is also a father figure, patronizing to his subjects and expectant of total servitude. When King Duncan thanks Macbeth for his heroic service in battle, Macbeth replies that "Your highness' part / Is to receive our duties; and our duties / Are to your throne and state children and servants" (1.

Public Health in Microbiological Labs in Middle East Essay

The focus of public health intervention is to improve health and quality of life through the prevention and treatment of diseases and other physical and mental health conditions, through surveillance of cases and the promotion of healthy behaviors .and because the field playing challenges and professionals to meet the complex health issues. I wish to apply for PhD in public health. Because intended to build on the current health-for-all strategy and act as a blueprint for gathering and using information for health to guide policy-makers and service providers of a future health system. Its main theme is the orientation or reshaping of health services so that improving people’s health and quality of life becomes the primary and unifying focus of the work of health care policy-makers and providers. The works in microbiological labs faced a lot of infectious disease, environmental hazards, and injury. Listeriosis, a serious infection usually caused by eating food contaminated with the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes, is an important public health problem around the world. The disease primarily affects older adults, pregnant women, newborns, and adults with weakened immune systems. However, rarely, persons without these risk factors can also be affected. The risk may be reduced by recommendations for safe food preparation, consumption, and storage. and because there are no vaccines against the bacteria that cause listeriosis, I want to study this case to understand how can we improve the public health in different microbiological labs (food and clinical) especially for women . Also, Health systems currently operate within an environment of rapid social, economic and technological change. Health systems are also nowadays under continuous scrutiny by planners, purchasers and users of the services. In  order to achieve the overall goals of good health, it is important to identify some of the critical health challenges facing health development. The critical health challenges are in the areas of: strengthening the organization of health services; health financing; health resources for health; and health education Food safety: poses a growing public health concern with potentially serious economic consequences. The primary work function is to use microbiology to improve the health of populations in collaboration with other public health disciplines especially with epidemiologists. We have to preparedness for responding to new infectious diseases threats requires a sustainable infrastructure of microbiological laboratories which play a central role in detection, monitoring, outbreak response, and providing scientific evidence to prevent and control infectious diseases. A range of expertise is necessary to fulfill these requirements including epidemiology and public health microbiology. microbiologists is required to provide access to experts with expertise/experience of the important communicable diseases at the regional, national and international level for mounting a rapid response to emerging health threats. Because the organizational laboratory network models and provision of expert professionals serving these functions differ widely across Middle East. (http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/Publications/1012_ Methodology of study The study will be conducted in microbiological labs (food & medical microbiology labs)inside or outside the university and the parts of research may taken in my country. The methods include library research, lab work, volunteers, survey evaluation and analysis. Search Plan & Project Timeline The objective of this activity is to acquire the skills necessary to plan, conduct and analyse an epidemiological study and to interpret and  communicate its results It is recommended that fellows participate in all stages of a study. Although this may not always be possible within two years, the fellow should attempt to contribute to as many stages as possible: †¢ Identify a problem of public health importance; †¢ Review literature; †¢ Identify and write study question and the hypothesis to be tested; †¢ Choose the study design and study population; †¢ Choose appropriate methodology; †¢ Develop a plan of analysis; †¢ Write a detailed protocol (obtain a review of the protocol from the host institute supervisor and EPIET coordinators); †¢ Seek financial support if necessary; †¢ Conduct a pilot study and, if necessary, make modifications; †¢ Constitute and brief the study team; †¢ Manage a team; †¢ Obtain ethical approval; †¢ Collect and analyse data; †¢ Interpret the results; †¢ Disseminate and communicate the information; †¢ Write a scientific report and/or a scientific article 4. Expected outcome from proposed research After completion of my research activities by getting information about the condition of microbiological labs in my country. The government could take necessary initiatives for immediate prevention and application of the public health to the buildings and staff working in this field from prevention them to get acquired for the diseases that can get from the pathogenic bacteria. After public health application we can get lab accredited. The Government organizations and different non-government organizations will also be benefited by getting such research information. The Government policy maker can be used this study finding in their regulating and planning activities. 5. Application of the Expected output The proposed research can become a role model in conducting similar research in other communities and countries espicaally if we looking for the poor middle east countries like Pakistan , Somalia, sudan ,,,,,,,,,,,etc. The outcomes of the proposed research can also be used in developing new techniques for sustainable lab management. It can also be used in improving the existing community. The research work can develop awareness among the local people about the diseases To take stapes to increase awareness among the local community. To maintain the environment healthy and clean. To fix-up correct type of treatment units and effective measures. To know the operational efficiency of various units of treatment. Review of Literature FIELDWORK – Since my research question deals partly with what attitudes and information influence individuals’ diet choices, I will use two types of labs fronts for my field research Food, microbiological labs which based on food born microorganisms and medical microbiological labs which based on in some chronic diseases of humans especially in the woman. It will allow me to learn how if there is any difference between the danger can caused to the woman especially to the pregnant woman by the isolation of food borne bacteria and clinical bacteria (i.e if there is any difference in the affect of the same strains bacteria like listeria monocytogenousus from food or from clinical ) and also understand how toward public health, can impact upon their business. INDUSTRY and ITS CRITICS I will look at a number of public resources produced related to food and clinical. Government statistics and food safety/inspection programs will be part of my interest. But I will also want to see what kind of argument is going on between food and clinical groups. How do they report information about crises and how do they describe the health and safety issues. BOOKS ON microbiological bacteria; POPULAR MEDIA I hope to get a sense of some of the general trends in microbiology bacteria toward what who they deal with the pathogenic bacteria. ACADEMIC and SPECIALIZED JOURNALS ON microbiology Ultimately I hope to get some solid information on safety and risk of various kinds of bacteria, in relation both to food-borne diseases and the clinical  borne diseas, but also to general health. At this point, I have not been able to find a general enough treatment of these issues to be of much help. References Listeria monocytogenes: the nature, public health aspects and retrospective situations of an emerging infectious pathogen in Nigerian OOC Chukwu, ID Chukwu, OA Olabode, CI Nwosuh, CI Nwosuh Animal Production Research Advances Vol. 2(2) 2006: 86-93 Public Health Agency of Canada. (2008). Listeria monocytogenes outbreak.http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/alert-alerte/listeria/listeria_2008-eng.php Roberts, A. J., & Wiedmann, M. (2003). Pathogen, host and environmental factors contributing to the pathogenesis of listeriosis. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 60(5), 904-918

Methods of Performance Appraisal

Q1 . Distinguish between ‘Performance Appraisal’ and the†potentialAppraisal’. Also discuss, in bief, the methods of performance appraisal. Ans. A performance appraisal system judges the performance of an employee over a given period of time. It is an indication of how he has performed in the PAST, but may necessarily not be an indication of his performance in the future. Depending on his past performance, a person is rewarded suitable with an appropriate cash incentive or bonus. A potential appraisal system is done to judge the capability of the person for a future role, meaning you are trying to assess a person to see whether he has the necessary skills, aptitude, attitude and competency for an increased level of responsibility and accountability or a leadership role. It can be enhanced with giving him specific T & D, or assigning him a mentor. You are trying to judge his FUTURE performance based on the potential appraisal. Methods of Performance Appraisal The performance appraisal methods may be classified into three categories, as shown in Figure below. [pic] Individual Evaluation Methods Under the individual evaluation methods of merit rating, employees are evaluated one at a time without comparing them with other employees in the organization. 1. Confidential report: It is mostly used in government organizations. It is a descriptive report prepared, generally at the end of every year, by the employee’s immediate superior. The report highlights the strengths and weaknesses of the subordinate. The report is not data based. The impressions of the superior about the subordinate are merely recorded there. It does not offer any feedback to the appraisee. The appraisee is not very sure about why his ratings have fallen despite his best efforts, why others are rated high when compared to him, how to rectify his mistakes, if any; on what basis he is going to be evaluated next year, etc. Since the report is generally not made public and hence no feedback is available, the subjective nalysis of the superior is likely to be hotly contested. In recent years, due to pressure from courts and trade unions, the details of a negative confidential report are given to the appraisee. 2. Essay evaluation: Under this method, the rater is asked to express the strong as well as weak points of the employee’s behavior. This technique is normally used with a combination of the graphic rating scale because the rater can elaborately present the scale by substantiating an explanation for his ra ting. While preparing the essay on the employee, the rater considers the following factors: (i) Job knowledge and potential of the employee; (ii) Employee’s understanding of the company’s programmes, policies, objectives, etc. ; (iii) The employee’s relations with co-workers and superiors; (iv) The employee’s general planning, organizing and controlling ability; (v) The attitudes and perceptions of the employee, in general. 3. Critical incident technique: Under this method, the manager prepares lists of statements of very effective and ineffective behavior of an employee. These critical incidents or events represent the outstanding or poor behavior of employees on the job. The manager maintains logs on each employee, whereby he periodically records critical incidents of the workers behavior. At the end of the rating period, these recorded critical incidents are used in the evaluation of the workers’ performance. 4. Checklists and weighted checklists: Another simple type of individual evaluation method is the checklist. A checklist represents, in its simplest form, a set of objectives or descriptive statements about the employee and his behavior. If the rater believes strongly that the employee possesses a particular listed trait, he checks the item; otherwise, he leaves the item blank. A more recent variation of the checklist method is the weighted list. Under this, the value of each question may be weighted equally or certain questions may be weighted more heavily than others. The following are some of the sample questions in the checklist. †¢ Is the employee really interested in the task assigned? Yes/No †¢ Is he respected by his colleagues (co-workers)Yes/No †¢ Does he give respect to his superiors? Yes/No †¢ Does he follow instructions properly? Yes/No †¢ Does he make mistakes frequently? Yes/No A rating score from the checklist helps the manager in evaluation of the performance of the employee. The checklist method has a serious limitation. (e)Graphic rating scale: Perhaps the most commonly used method of performance evaluation is the graphic rating scale. Of course, it is also one of the oldest methods of evaluation in use. Under this method, a printed form, as shown below, is used to evaluate the performance of an employee. A variety of traits may be used in these types of rating devices, the most common being the quantity and quality of work. The rating scales can also be adapted by including traits that the company considers important for effectiveness on the job. A model of a graphic rating scale is given below. Table: Typical Graphic Rating Scale Employee Name†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Job title †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Department †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Rate †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Data †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Quantity of work: Volume of work under normal |Unsatisfactory |Fair |Satisfactory |Good |Outstanding | |working conditions | | | | | | |Quality of work: Neatness, thoroughness and |   |   |   |   |   | |accuracy of work Knowledge of job | | | | | | |A clear understanding of the factors connected |   |   |   |   |   | |with the job | | | | | | | Attitude: Exhibits enthusiasm and |   |   |   |   |   | |cooperativeness on the job | | | | | | |Dependability: Conscientious, thorough, |   |   |   |   |   | |reliable, accurate, with respect to attendance, | | | | | | |reliefs, lunch breaks, etc. | | | | | | |Cooperation: Willingness and ability to work |   |   |   |   |   | |with others to produce desired goals. | | | | | | From the graphic rating scales, excerpts can be obtained about the performance standards of employees. For instance, if the employee has serious gaps in technical-professional knowledge (knows only rudimentary phases of job); lacks the knowledge to bring about an increase in productivity; is reluctant to make decisions on his own (on even when he makes decisions they are unreliable and substandard); declines to accept responsibility; fails to plan ahead effectively; wastes and misuses resources; etc. , then it can safely be inferred that the standards of the performance of the employee are dismal and disappointing. The rating scale is the most common method of evaluation of an employee’s performance today. One positive point in favor of the rating scale is that it is easy to understand, easy to use and permits a statistical tabulation of scores of employees. When ratings are objective in nature they can be effectively used as evaluators. The graphic rating scale may however suffer from a long standing disadvantage, i. e. , it may be arbitrary and the rating may be subjective. Another pitfall is that each characteristic is equally important in evaluation of the employee’s performance and so on. (f)Behaviorally anchored rating scales: Also known as the behavioral expectations scale, this method represents the latest innovation in performance appraisal. It is a combination of the rating scale and critical incident techniques of employee performance evaluation. The critical incidents serve as anchor statements on a scale and the rating form usually contains six to eight specifically defined performance dimensions. The following chart represents an example of a sales trainee’s competence and a behaviorally anchored rating scale. Table: An Example of Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scale (BARS) |Performance |Points |Behavior | |Extremely good |7 |Can expect trainee to make valuable suggestions for increased sales and to have | | | |positive relationships with customers all over the country. |Good |6 |Can expect to initiate creative ideas for improved sales. | |Above average |5 |Can expect to keep in touch with the customers throughout the year. | |Average |4 |Can manage, with difficulty, to deliver the goods in time. | |Below average |3 |Can expect to unload the trucks when asked by the supervisor. | |Poor |2 |Can expect to inform only a part of the customers. | |Extremely poor |1 |Can expect to take extended coffee breaks and roam around purposelessly. | How to construct BARS? Developing a BARS follows a general format which combines techniques employed in the critical incident method and weighted checklist ratings scales. Emphasis is pinpointed on pooling the thinking of people who will use the scales as both evaluators and evaluees. Step 1: Collect critical incidents: People with knowledge of the job to be probed, such as job holders and supervisors, describe specific examples of effective and ineffective behavior related to job performance. Step 2: Identify performance dimensions: The people assigned the task of developing the instrument cluster the incidents into a small set of key performance dimensions. Generally between five and ten dimensions account for most of the performance. Examples of performance dimensions include technical competence, relationships with customers, handling of paper work and meeting day-to-day deadlines. While developing varying levels of performance for each dimension (anchors), specific examples of behavior should be used, which could later be scaled in terms of good, average or below average performance. Step 3: Reclassification of incidents: Another group of participants who are knowledgeable about the job is instructed to retranslate or reclassify the critical incidents generated (in Step II) previously. They are given the definition of job dimension and told to assign each critical incident to the dimension that it best describes. At this stage, incidents for which there is not 75 per cent agreement are discarded as being too subjective. Step 4: Assigning scale values to the incidents: Each incident is then rated on a one-to-seven or one-to-nine scale with respect of how well it represents performance on the appropriate dimension. A rating of one represents ineffective performance; the top scale value indicates very effective performance. The second group of participants usually assigns the scale values. Means and standard deviations are then calculated for the scale values assigned to each incident. Typically incidents that have standard deviations of 1. 50 or less (on a 7-point scale) are retained. Step 5: Producing the final instrument: About six or seven incidents for each performance dimension – all having met both the retranslating and standard deviation criteria – will be used as behavioral anchors. The final BARS instrument consists of a series of vertical scales (one for each dimension) anchored (or measured) by the final incidents. Each incident is positioned on the scale according to its mean value. Because the above process typically requires considerable employee participation, its acceptance by both supervisors and their subordinates may be greater. Proponents of BARS also claim that such a system differentiates among behavior, performance and results and consequently is able to provide a basis for setting developmental goals for the employee. Because it is job-specific and identifies observable and measurable behavior, it is a more reliable and valid method for performance appraisal. (g)Forced choice method: This method was developed to eliminate bias and the preponderance of high ratings that might occur in some organizations. The primary purpose of the forced choice method is to correct the tendency of a rater to give consistently high or low ratings to all the employees. This method makes use of several sets of pair phrases, two of which may be positive and two negative and the rater is asked to indicate which of the four phrases is the most and least descriptive of a particular worker. Actually, the statement items are grounded in such a way that the rater cannot easily judge which statements apply to the most effective employee. The following box is a classic illustration of the forced choice items in organizations. Table: Forced Choice Items 1. LeastMost ADoes not anticipate difficultiesA BGrasps explanations easily and quicklyB CDoes not waste timeC DVery easy to talk toD 2. LeastMost ACan be a leaderA BWastes time on unproductive thingsB CAt all times, cool and calmC DSmart workerD The favorable qualities earn a plus credit and the unfavorable ones earn the reverse. The worker gets over plus when the positive factors override the negative ones or when one of the negative phrases is checked as being insignificantly rated. They overall objectivity is increased by using this method in evaluation of employee’s performance, because the rater does not know how high or low he is evaluating the individual as he has no access to the scoring key. This method, however, has a strong limitation. In the preparation of sets of phrases trained technicians are needed and as such the method becomes very expensive. Further, managers may feel frustrated rating the employees ‘in the dark’. Finally, the results of the forced choice method may not be useful for training employees because the rater himself does not know how he is evaluating the worker. In spite of these limitations, the forced choice techniques is quite popular. h)Management by Objectives (MBO): MBO represents a modern method of evaluating the performance of personnel. Thoughtful managers have become increasingly aware that the traditional performance evaluation systems are characterized by somewhat antagonistic judgments on the part of the rater. There is a growing feeling nowadays that it is better to make the superior work with subordinates in fixing goals. This would inevitably enable subordinates to exercise self-control over their performance behaviors. The concept of management by objectives is actually the outcome of the pioneering works of Drucker, McGregor and Odiorne in management science. Management by objectives can be described as â€Å"a process whereby the superior and subordinate managers of an organization jointly identify its common goals, define each individuals’ major areas of responsibility in terms of results expected of him and use these measures as guides for operating the unit and assessing the contributions of each of its members†. MBO thus represents more than an evaluation programme and process. Practicing management scientists and pedagogues view it as a philosophy of managerial practice; it is a method by which managers and subordinates plan, organize, control, communicate and debate. Features ? MBO emphasizes participatively set goals that are tangible, verifiable and measurable. MBO focuses attention on what must be accomplished (goals) rather than how it is to be accomplished (methods). ? MBO, by concentrating on key result areas translates the abstract philosophy of management into concrete phraseology. The technique can be put to general use (non-specialist technique). Further it is â€Å"a dynamic system which seeks to integrate the company’s need to clarify and achieve its profit and growth targets with the manager’s need to contribute and develop himself†. ? MBO is a systematic and rational technique that allows management to attain maximum results from available resources by focusing on achievable goals. It allows the subordinate plenty of room to make creative decisions on his own.